SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    210, 554, 211, 555, 212, 556, 213, 214, 
    215, 216, 379, 700
  )

Query time 0.00025

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "30.21"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "4",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 13,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 13,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`ea201_diorama`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (210,554,211,555,212,556,213,214,215,216,379,700))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "27.61",
        "eval_cost": "2.60",
        "prefix_cost": "30.21",
        "data_read_per_join": "33K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ]
    }
  }
}